Jauh sebelum pandemi Covid-19 meluluhlantakkan dunia, sudah ada pandemi yang kurang lebih demikian. Namanya, virus Influenza tipe A dengan subtype H1N1, atau pandemi Influenza 1918, atau juga biasa disebut “flu Spanyol”.
Daya serangnya sama dengan Covid-19, virus ini menyerang sistem pernapasan yang bisa mengakibatkan kematian.
Data Reuters menyebut bahwa pada 17 Juni 2021, pandemi Covid-19 telah membunuh lebih dari empat juta orang. Pandemi Influenza juga tak kalah hebat.
Menurut buku Yang Terlupakan: Pandemi Influenza di Hindia Belanda 1918, sejumlah ahli menyatakan bahwa kemungkinan pandemi flu Spanyol ini mampu membunuh sekitar 20 hingga 40 juta orang. Ada pula pakar yang memperkirakan 100 juta orang meninggal. Bahkan, ada perkiraan sepertiga populasi dunia terjangkit influenza. Sejumlah catatan sejarah juga menunjukkan, perkiraan 20 juta orang meninggal di India dan10 juta orang di Cina.
Data itu pun tak pula betul-betul valid lantaran adanya kondisi Perang Dunia I yang terjadi pada 1918. Artinya, kondisi untuk menghitung jumlah kematian dengan teliti masih terhambat oleh kondisi perang. Belum lagi, kondisi alat teknologi kesehatan yang belum secanggih sekarang juga turut mendukung miskoreksi atas data yang ada.
Tapi setidaknya, hitungan tersebut adalah hitungan minimum atas apa yang telah terjadi pada masa itu.
Memberantas Flu Spanyol ‘ala’ Pemerintah Kolonial
Asal Mula Wabah Flu Spanyol di Indonesia
Cerita Pandemi Flu Spanyol di Tanah Toraja
Serangan pandemi flu Spanyol ini pun juga memiliki beberapa gelombang—sama seperti saat ini. Gelombang pertama, pada awal 1918, terjadi di Eropa. Hanya dalam waktu tiga bulan, pandemi mampu membunuh 2,5 juta penduduk Eropa.
Pada akhir Juli 1918, pandemi menyebar ke wilayah-wilayah luar Eropa, seperti Afrika Utara, Cina, India, Filipina, Selandia Baru, dan Hawai.
Gelombang kedua pandemi Influenza menyebar di Amerika Utara dan Afrika melalui pelabuhan-pelabuhan yang mengantarkan tentara-tentara setelah pulang dari medan perang pada akhir Agustus 1918.
Dia Asia pun demikian, sejarawan menyebut terdapat penduduk Jepang dan Cina yang mengalami kematian akibat pandemi ini—meski belum jelas hitungan datanya. Di India, pada September 1918, tercatat korban Influenza bahkan mencapai 18 juta orang.
Meski demikian, beberapa negara tetap berupaya membuat kondisi tersebut dalam “packing good”. Otoritas Australia, misalnya, berhasil meredam jumlah korban akibat flu Spanyol hanya mencapai 12 ribu orang hingga musim dingin tahun 1918 kala itu.
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