Saat wabah influenza (Flu Spanyol) melanda tanah Jawa pada 1918, banyak orang Jawa yang terjangkit dan tak sedikit yang meregang nyawa. Merespon hal itu, Pemerintah Kolonial Hindia Belanda berupaya untuk menangkal wabah Flu Spanyol yang terus menghantam banyak korban.
Ada beberapa upaya dari pemerintah. Salah satunya dari segi budaya. Pemerintah Kolonial menghimbau penduduk agar menutup pintu rumahnya agar virus tidak masuk ke dalam rumah melalui pintu terbuka.
Kala itu, kebiasaan orang-orang Jawa adalah membuka pintu rumah dengan tujuan membuka pintu rezeki. Karena sudah menjadi budaya, himbauan pemerintah ini tidak diikuti mereka.
Kemudian, Pemerintah Kolonial juga melarang orang-orang untuk meludah di lantai. Sama dengan membuka pintu rezeki, meludah juga menjadi kebiasaan yang sulit dihilangkan. Pelarangan kebiasaan meludah ini bertujuan untuk menghindari penularan virus, namun tak jua dipatuhi.
Ada juga himbauan kepada warga untuk meninggalkan ruangan dan menjauhkan diri dari orang lain ketika bersin dan batuk. Kebiasaan bersin keras-keras biasa dilakukan masyarakat saat itu dan dikhawatirkan bisa menyebarkan virus.
Demikian pula budaya kumpul-kumpul minum kopi dengan orang lain dan kebiasaan saling berdekatan satu sama lain. Pemerintah Kolonial melarang kegiatan tersebut lantaran sangat beresiko terhadap penularan penyakit flu.
Bahkan, Pemerintah Kolonial bisa melakukan penutupan kantor, sekolah, pabrik, atau tempat kerja lainnya jika ada yang terpapar flu. Beberapa upaya tersebut memang terlihat seperti pandemi yang terjadi saat ini—Covid-19.
Beragam upaya himbauan yang dilakukan Pemerintah Kolonial ternyata juga tak cukup memulihkan keadaan.
Sejarawan Djoko Marihandono, dalam buku Pengalaman Indonesia dalam Menangani Wabah Covid-19, menerangkan bahwa Pemerintah Kolonial tak sanggup melakukan pencegahan bagi masyarakat yang tidak mematuhi protokol kesehatan. Wabah terus menyebar, sementara masyarakat tak patuh dengan himbauan.
Baca juga:
Perbandingan antara Penyebaran Covid 19 dengan Flu Spanyol
Cerita Pandemi Flu Spanyol di Tanah Toraja
Kisah Koo Eng Hien Terjangkit Flu Spanyol
Alhasil, Pemerintah Kolonial mengeluarkan Influenza Ordonnantie pada 20 Oktober 1920, sebagai reaksi mitigasi atas merebaknya wabah tersebut.
Ordonansi menekankan pada wewenang atas Dinas Kesehatan Umum, kepala pelabuhan, dan kepala daerah untuk memitigasi penanganan bencana tersebut melalui sanksi dan denda. Pihak-pihak tersebut memiliki kewenangan lebih untuk menegakkan aturan daripada kondisi sebelumnya.
Denda dan hukuman pidana selama satu tahun, atau juga denda uang, dikenakan terhadap warga yang melanggar ketentuan aturan tersebut. Peraturan tersebut juga terus dikembangkan setahun kemudian melalui pelibatan aktif kepala pelabuhan dan pengetatan komunikasi warga di sektor transportasi.
Dalam pandangan sejarawan itu, benar bahwa masyarakat sebelumnya tidak berdisiplin menjalankan protokol kesehatan. Tetapi, dikeluarkannya ordonansi menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Kolonial sangat serius dalam menangani dan melakukan perlawanan pandemi Flu Spanyol.
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