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Siasat Belanda Taklukkan Jayakarta
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Siasat Belanda Taklukkan Jayakarta

Sumber: Kompas.com

Pada era Kesultanan Banten Abad 17, Jayakarta (Jakarta saat ini) menjadi wilayah yang diincar Belanda untuk dikuasai. Tujuannya jelas, memonopoli perdagangan rempah-rempah wilayah tersebut demi keuntungan ekonomi. Ini terungkap dalam sejarah pendudukan Jayakarta.

Sejak Fatahillah menaklukkan Sunda Kelapa dan mengubahnya menjadi Jayakarta, kekuasaan beralih dari Kerajaan Pajajaran menjadi milik Kesultanan Banten. Panglima perang dari Kesultanan Demak itu mulai menjadi Bupati Jayakarta pertama dan ditugaskan untuk mengembangkan wilayah pelabuhan yang sepi pengunjung itu.

Pengembangan wilayah Jayakarta terus berlanjut melalui pengembangan pelabuhan. Kiranya dua generasi setelah Fatahillah, barulah pengembangan wilayah itu terlihat di bawah naungan Pangeran Wijayakrama atau Tubagus Sungaresa Jayawikarta.

Sosok bergelar Pangeran Jayakarta III itu mengizinkan kepada Belanda dan Inggris untuk membuka loji sebagai tempat penyimpanan rempah-rempah—dikutip dari Gudang-Gudang Tua di Jakarta.

Selain itu, terdapat pula jalinan perdagangan dengan bangsa lain, seperti Negeri Keling, Bombay, Cina, Gujarat, Abesinia, Persia, Arab, dan bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara lain. Para pedagang nusantara juga banyak berdagang di Jayakarta, seperti Ternate, Tidore, Aceh, Kepulauan Maluku, Hitu, Tuban, Demak, Cirebon, Banten, dan lain-lain.

Beragam komoditas mulai dari beras, ikan, sayuran, dan buah-buahan hingga rempah-rempah banyak diperdagangkan di wilayah ini. Perkembangan wilayah Jayakarta yang semakin memberikan kepastian ekonomi menjadi daya tarik bangsa-bangsa, terutama Bangsa Eropa yang ingin menaklukkannya.

Pelanggaran

Tahun 1610 menjadi tahun kesepakatan antara pihak Belanda dan Kesultanan Banten. Ketika itu, Pangeran Jayakarta III mengizinkan pihak Belanda untuk membangun Gudang sebagai tempat penyimpanan rempah-rempah.

Pembangunan Gudang tersebut berada di tepi timur Sungai Ciliwung, Jayakarta. Pihak Belanda diwakili VOC yang terdiri dari Kepala Perwakilan Dagang VOC, Jacques L’Hermite, dan Gubernur Jenderal VOC, Pieter Both.

Perjanjian ini menghadirkan sewa lahan sebesar 50 x 50 vademan (sekitar 94 meter) kepada VOC. VOC membayar 1.200 real kepada Jayakarta. Bangunan yang dibangun VOC saat itu bernama House of Nassau, sebuah bangunan yang berisikan rumah, bengkel, dan gudang. Bangunan ini juga memuat fungsi peribadatan orang Kristen.

Kehadiran Belanda di Jayakarta memang kerapkali susah diatur. Pihak Belanda yang awalnya diizinkan untuk membangun Gudang penyimpanan rempah, tetapi malah mengubahnya menjadi rumah bertingkat bermaterial batu. Mereka melanggar perjanjian beberapa kali.

Maka, Pangeran Jayakarta III menjaga pihak Belanda dengan ketat. Bahkan, ia juga mempersiapkan pertahanan dengan membangun tembok pertahanan di pinggir sungai.

Ketegangan antara pihak Belanda dan Banten semakin memuncak ketika muncul sosok Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Gubernur Jenderal VOC keempat, pada tahun 1617. Berbeda dengan  gubernur jenderal sebelumnya yang lebih fokus menguasai wilayah Maluku, Coen berpandangan bahwa Jayakarta adalah kunci penguasaan ekonomi di nusantara.

Kemudian, ia mengatakan kepada De Heeren XVII (pemegang saham atau pimpinan tertinggi VOC) di Belanda bahwa cara meningkatkan keuntungan VOC adalah menguasai Jayakarta. Sebab, Jayakarta merupakan wilayah strategis yang berdekatan dengan Selata Malaka, Selat Sunda, dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan besar lain seperti di Banten, Cirebon, Sumatera, dan Malaya.

Penyerangan  

Sumber: Anri.go.id

Sejak saat itu, Coen bersiasat memperkuat pertahanan di tanah sewaan milik Pangeran Jayakarta III. Tahun 1617, dikutip dari Sejarah Kota Batavia, Coen membangun The House of Mauritius dekat House of Nassau yang berfungsi sebagai gudang dan tempat tinggal.

Ia juga membangun tembok batu setinggi tujuh meter yang mengelilingi area VOC sehingga menjadi benteng. Benteng itu bernama Het Fort Jacatra (Benteng Jacatra).

Merespon tindakan seperti itu, Pangeran Jayakarta III, termasuk Inggris, geram dengan Belanda. Tahun 1618, Belanda menyerang armada Inggris, tetapi mereka tidak mampu karena ada bala bantuan dari Pangeran Jayakarta III.

Situasi berbalik. Armada Kesultanan Banten dan Inggris menyerang Benteng Jacatra, disusul 14 kapal Inggris yang sudah berada di Selat Sunda dan segera berlayar ke Jayakarta.

Mengetahui ini, Coen kabur ke Maluku untuk memperoleh bala bantuan di sana. Kendali Benteng Jacatra diserahkan kepada Van den Broeck. Broeck kalah, benteng dikuasai Pangeran Jayakarta III dan Inggris.

Tetapi, pihak kesultanan Banten mengetahui hal itu sehingga menarik Pangeran Jayakarta III untuk kembali ke Banten. Pangeran ditarik mundur, lalu digantikan Mangkubumi. Kekuasaan politik menjadi kosong.

Setelah kekacauan itu mereda lima bulan  lamanya, Coen kembali ke Pelabuhan Jayakarta pada akhir Mei 1619. Ia membawa 16 armada dagang dengan kekuatan 1000 serdadu. Sementara, kekuasaan tidak lagi dipegang oleh Pangeran Jayakarta III.

Dalam situasi seperti inilah, Jayakarta runtuh. Para serdadu VOC membakar istana Jayakarta, merebut Benteng Jacatra, dan menghancurkan armada Inggris tanpa perlawanan yang berarti. Mereka juga mengusir penduduk Jayakarta sehingga para petani meninggalkan sawah-sawahnya dari tempatnya.

Sejak penaklukkan Jayakarta tahun 1619 itulah, pihak Belanda menguasai Jayakarta, mengganti namanya menjadi Batavia. Di bawah naungan VOC, Batavia diharapkan  menjadi pusat perdagangan  se-Asia dan pusat kuasa VOC di nusantara.

Baca juga: Lautan Darah di Pulau Banda

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