Sjafruddin Prawiranegara mungkin salah satu orang yang ditakdirkan untuk menata ekonomi keuangan Indonesia yang masih rapuh. Tahun 1951, di tengah gonjang-ganjing isu kedaulatan keuangan negara itu, ia dinobatkan pemerintah Indonesia untuk menggantikan A. Houwink sebagai Presiden De Javasche Bank (DJB).
Saat itu, DJB memang menjadi bagian besar dari isu ekonomi negara. Jusuf Wibisono, Menteri keuangan dari Kabinet Soekiman, menyatakan niat pemerintah untuk menasionalisasi DJB yang saat itu milik Belanda menjadi milik Indonesia. Isu ini yang mengakibatkan Houwink mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya.
Meskipun terjadi perdebatan dari sisi cara menasionalisasinya, isu nasionalisasi DJB mendapat banyak dukungan dari elite pemerintah Indonesia. Nasionalisasi ini pun disetujui, dibuktikan dengan terbitnya Surat Keputusan Presiden No. 118 tanggal 2 Juli 1951 yang berlaku pada 19 Juni 1951.
Langkah ini berlanjut. Pemerintah membentuk panitia khusus untuk nasionalisasi DJB dengan melibatkan tokoh-tokoh seperti Mohamad Sediono, Mr. Soetikno Slamet, Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo, TRB Sabarudin, dan Khouw Bian Tie. Hingga 3 Agustus 1951, pemerintah RI mengajukan penawaran nasionalisasi tersebut dengan membeli saham-saham bank kepada para pemiliknya.
Langkah ini pun membuahkan hasil, yakni pemerintah berhasil membeli 97 persen saham DJB dan akhirnya menguasai saham dominan DJB. Houwink pun hengkang secara resmi dari DJB melalui keputusan nomor 122 tanggal 12 Juli 1951. Sjafruddin menggantikannya secara resmi melalui keputusan nomor 123 pada tanggal yang sama.
Setelah Sjafruddin ditetapkan sebagai presiden resmi DJB, proses nasionalisasi DJB terus berlanjut. Pemerintah Indonesia mengajukan Rancangan Undang-Undang Pokok Bank Indonesia (UU PBI) kepada parlemen. Dan, parlemen menyetujuinya, lalu Presiden Sukarno mengesahkannya menjadi Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 1953 tentang Bank Indonesia.
DJB kemudian berubah nama menjadi Bank Indonesia (BI).
Baca juga: Potret Museum Bank Indonesia
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Sjafruddin memang bukanlah orang sembarangan di bidang ekonomi keuangan. Sejak Indonesia diproklamasikan pada 17 Agustus 1945, Sjafruddin pernah menjadi Menteri Muda Keuangan pada Kabinet Sjahrir II, Menteri Keuangan pada Kabinet Sjahrir III, dan Menteri Kemakmuran pada Kabinet Hatta I.
Bahkan pada masa genting era revolusi kemerdekaan, ia juga pernah menjadi Ketua Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia (PDRI). Kiranya, suatu jabatan penting yang terlupakan.
Ia menjabat Gubernur BI pertama sejak tahun 1953. Ketika menjabat gubernur, Sjafruddin teguh menjalankan fungsi utama Bank Sentral sebagai penjaga stabilitas nilai rupiah dan pengelolaan moneter.
Sebagai gambaran, sesuai dengan UU No. 11 Tahun 1953, tugas bank sentral tidak hanya menjaga stabilitas nilai rupiah, sirkulasi rupiah, pengawasan dan pembinaan terhadap bank-bank, dan menjadi bank devisa. Lebih dari itu, BI juga mewarisi fungsi dan peran DJB sebagai bank umum penghimpun dan pengelola dana publik.
Pada tahun 1950-an, BI lebih bertindak sebagai bank sirkulasi dan komersial. Fungsi sirkulasi terletak pada pelaksanaan bagian kas dan uang kertas bank, sedangkan fungsi komersial ditujukan pada bagian pemberian kredit pusat dan bagian kredit rayon.
Sjafruddin sepakat dengan Houwink yang berfokus kepada stabilitas moneter karena saat itu pasar modal dan akses ke fasilitas perbankan di Indonesia masih lemah. Sehingga, menurutnya, fokus masih tetap pada operasi perbankan umum.
Baca juga: Gagasan Keuangan Sjafruddin yang Terabaikan
Sjafruddin juga melakukan terobosan dengan menetapkan cadangan emas dan valuta asing di BI minimal 20 persen dari nilai mata uang yang diterbitkan. Kebijakan itu menuai kritik dari kalangan ekonom Soemitro. Kebijakan ini dinilai gagal.
Akan tetapi, Sjafruddin juga mengkritik Soemitro melalui program benteng yang mengedepankan kebijakan “pro pribumi.” Kebijakan tersebut dianggap kurang jelas karena kurang memisahkan modal asing dan dalam negeri yang hanya mendasarkan pada remitansi. Jika keuntungan dibawa ke luar negeri, modal tersebut dianggap modal asing, sementara jika modal tetap di Indonesia, modal tersebut dalam negeri. Ini dianggap membingungkan.
Pengusaha Tionghoa-Indonesia, menurut Sjafruddin, juga merupakan pengusaha dalam negeri. Tetapi, kebijakan program benteng menolak hal ini. Karena itu, ia menganggap kebijakan program benteng tidak tepat. Sjafruddin menjabat Gubernur BI hingga tahun 1958 ketika terjadi gonjang-ganjing Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI) di Sumatra. Ia terlibat dalam permasalahan tersebut sehingga menyebabkan namanya tercemar lantaran dianggap sebagai “pemberontak.” Setelah lepas dari jabatan gubernur, ia perlahan-lahan melepaskan diri dari hiruk pikuk politik istana hingga ujung usianya.
Baca juga: Menerapkan Program Benteng yang Serba Kontroversial
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