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Menerapkan Program Benteng yang Serba Kontroversial
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Menerapkan Program Benteng yang Serba Kontroversial

Soemitro Djojohadikusumo pernah memiliki gagasan brilian ekonomi Indonesia. Professor ekonomi ternama itu mencoba untuk mengangkat harkat dan martabat Bangsa Indonesia melalui program ekonomi.

Ketika menjadi menteri perdagangan  dan perindustrian era Kabinet Natsir, kabinet era demokrasi liberal tahun 1951, Soemitro menancangkan Program Benteng. Program ekonomi ini mengedepankan prioritas ekonomi pribumi.

Sebagai informasi, definisi pribumi saat itu adalah orang Indonesia asli yang tinggal di Indonesia. Soemitro ingin menumbuhkan kelas-kelas kapitalis pribumi melalui dominasi bidang impor produk.

Saat itu, Bangsa Indonesia belum banyak memproduksi produk sehingga masih mengandalkan impor. Tetapi, ekonomi dikuasai oleh The Big Five, lima perusahaan raksasa asing yang bercokol di Indonesia.

Soemitro ingin tumbuhnya kelas kapitalis ekonomi pribumi ini dapat melawan kekuasaan ekonomi The Big Five melalui bantuan pemerintah.

Melalui program ini, pemerintah bisa menciptakan industri impor milik pemerintah, memberikan bantuan modal, dan melindungi kepentingan pribumi. Tujuan utamanya, mengubah struktur ekonomi kolonial menjadi struktur ekonomi nasional.

Program ini mendapat acc dari pemerintahan Natsir. Selama tiga tahun (1951-1953) Pemerintah setidaknya memberikan kredit usaha ke 700 perusahaan milik pribumi.

Syaratnya berpihak kepada pribumi. Yakni, setidaknya perusahaan impor harus memiliki modal sekurang-kurangnya 70% yang berasal dari Bangsa Indonesia asli di mana merujuk kepada pribumi. Syarat ini lebih ditujukan kepada golongan ekonomi lemah, si pribumi.

Semula, syarat kebijakan  seperti standar pada umumnya memiliki kantor. Tetapi, realisasinya kebijakan ini memberikan lisensi impor kepada pengusaha pribumi yang melahirkan pengusaha-pengusaha impor atau importir aktentas, pengusaha yang tidak bermodal dan tidak berkantor.

Hanya dengan sebuah aktentas, pengusaha-pengusaha ini mampu keluar masuk instansi pemerintah untuk mendapat lisensi impor bermacam-macam barang.

Kontroversi

Setelah berlangsung selama tiga tahun dan diterapkan ke ratusan perusahaan Pribumi, Program Benteng menghasilkan kontroversi. Hal yang merugikan adalah defisitnya keuangan negara.

Tahun 1952, negara merugi hingga Rp3 miliar, ditambah lagi defisit tahun sebelumnya Rp1,7 miliar, lantaran menerapkan Program Benteng.

Program ini juga mendapat kritik. Kebijakan ini dianggap rasialis terhadap etnis Tionghoa sehingga dianggap tidak tepat. Padahal, etnis Tionghoa-Indonesia juga bagian dari Indonesia.

Para elite, seperti Ekonom Sjafruddin Prawiranegara dan Menteri Keuangan Ong Eng Die, mengkritik demikian. Sjafruddin menganggap kebijakan Program Benteng tidak tepat karena pengusaha Tionghoa-Indonesia juga bagian dari pengusaha dalam negeri sejauh mereka tidak mengalirkan dananya ke luar negeri.

Meskipun, Soemitro akhirnya mengkritik balik kebijakan penetapan cadangan  emas dan valuta  asing di Bank Indonesia (BI) milik Sjafruddin sebagai kebijakan yang gagal.

Kritik lain datang dari Mohammad Hatta. Ia kecewa dengan kebijakan Program Benteng yang menganggap kebijakan tersebut lebih mementingkan kepentingan pribadi dan golongan dibanding kepentingan rakyat banyak.

“Berpuluh juta… ya, barangkali beratus juta rupiah uang negara, yang diperoleh dari pajak rakyat, sudah dikorbankan untuk kepentingan satu golongan kecil atas nama nasional,” ungkap Hatta dalam Hatta: Jejak yang Melampaui Zaman.

Kendati menuai banyak kontra, kebijakan Program Benteng dianggap masih memiliki nilai positif. Dalam perkembangannya, program tersebut berhasil menumbuhkan beberapa perusahaan pribumi, seperti NV. Maskapai Asuransi Indonesia milik VP. Tumbelaka, NV. Indonesia Service Company milik Hasyim Ning, NV. Putera dari Mas Agoes. Kemudian, CV. Sjachsam milik Sutan Sjachsam, NV. Djakarta Lloyd dan PT Transistor Radio Manufacturing milik Thayeb Gobel. Nasib Program Benteng berakhir pada tahun 1957 karena terlalu kontroversial. Menteri Ekonomi, Ir. Rooseno, memberhentikan program ini demi menghilangkan diskriminasi rasial.

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