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Jejak Langkah VOC, Perintis Kapitalisme Modern
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Jejak Langkah VOC, Perintis Kapitalisme Modern

Didirikan pada awal abad ke-17, Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) adalah perusahaan paling tajir dalam sejarah. Perusahaan ini merupakan perintis kapitalisme modern yang menggunakan saham dalam pengumpulan dananya.

Perusahaan VOC didirikan oleh para tokoh Belanda sebagai cara untuk menghindari adu mekanik antara para pedagang ketika menemukan rute dagang ke kepulauan rempah. Jadilah VOC sebagai alat untuk mengumpulkan cuan bagi Belanda dari perdagangan di Nusantara.

Pada perkembangannya, VOC menjadi begitu besar. Bak negara dalam negara, perusahaan ini mampu mempunyai angkatan bersenjata dan mengadakan perjanjian dengan kerajaan-kerajaan di Nusantara.

Keuntungan yang didapatkan VOC bahkan mampu menghidupkan ekonomi Belanda sehingga menjadi kaya raya.

Pusat VOC di Amsterdam hidup dari penjualan saham yang dilakukan. Modal tersebut digunakan untuk mendanai kegiatan VOC di Nusantara. Saham VOC waktu itu menjadi buruan masyarakat, baik dari kalangan atas maupun bawah.

Melalui penggalangan saham, kompeni—sebutan orang-orang kolonial Belanda—dapat membiayai beberapa pelayaran sekaligus. Penjualan ini mempelopori pembukaan salah satu bursa efek paling awal di Amsterdam.

Maka, dimulailah masa keemasan Belanda dengan VOC sebagai perusahaan yang turut berkontribusi di dalamnya.

Pengumpulan fulus dengan cara ini merupakan inovasi yang mampu mengalahkan kemampuan Portugis atau Spanyol dalam pengumpulan dana yang masih ditopang oleh negara.

Pada saat itu, bursa efek di Amsterdam penuh dengan orang yang antri membeli saham VOC. Iklim politik Belanda yang cukup liberal dibanding negara tetangganya memungkinkan datangnya investor untuk menghidupi negeri ini.

Bahkan, banyak pengungsi Yahudi yang berdatangan ke Belanda untuk meminta perlindungan dari penganiayaan yang terjadi di seluruh Eropa, kemudian turut andil dalam pengembangan ekonomi negara tersebut.

Dari markasnya di Batavia, kompeni terus meluaskan kekuasaanya ke seluruh nusantara sehingga mampu mengungguli bangsa Eropa lainnya di kawasan ini. Dari kota ini, VOC dijalankan bak kerajaan kecil lengkap dengan pasukan dan mata uang sendiri.

Kerajaan demi kerajan jatuh ke tangan cengkeramannya. Monopoli dagang yang diterapkan terhadap perniagaan di Nusantara membuat deviden dari saham VOC cukup menggiurkan.

Negara-negara Eropa lainnya yang memiliki kongsi dagang seperti East India Company (EIC)—perusahaan dagang milik Inggris—pun masih kalah kaya bila dibandingkan dengan VOC pada masa jayanya. Bila EIC melakukan monopoli dagang di India untuk memutar dananya, kompeni mampu mengumpulkan dana melalui urunan saham di bursa Amsterdam.

Kapal dagang VOC pun selalu hilir mudik penuh membawa komoditas dagang yang laku di pasaran Eropa.

Namun, kejayaan itu tidak berlangsung selamanya. Inggris yang selama ini tertinggal dalam bidang pelayaran mulai mengejar dan akhirnya melampaui Belanda sebagai kekuatan laut utama di dunia.

Dengan kongsi dagangnya, Inggris yang selama ini terpinggirkan mampu bangkit dan bersaing dengan VOC Belanda. Mulailah Kompeni menghadapi kompetitor yang cukup serius.

Kompeni juga mulai dibelit kasus-kasus korupsi yang membuat kantong VOC menjadi bocor.  Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, korupsi mulai menjalar seperti kanker di tubuh VOC, mulai dari kalangan atas sampai bawah.

Menjamurnya korupsi mengakibatkan keuangan perusahaan menjadi berat, terlebih harus memberikan deviden yang cukup besar bagi pemegang saham. Akhirnya, setelah cukup lama beroperasi, VOC bangkrut dan asetnya kemudian diambil alih oleh pemerintah Belanda.

Bangkrutnya VOC menandakan berakhirnya perusahaan legendaris yang telah berkuasa di Nusantara selama dua abad.

Roby Rakhmadi

Dosen Universitas Lampung

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