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Ketika Perang Chechnya Populerkan Putin
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Ketika Perang Chechnya Populerkan Putin

Dari puing-puing keruntuhan Uni Soviet, Chechnya mencoba memerdekakan diri dari Rusia. Pada perang kemerdekaan pertama, Chechnya berhasil memperoleh pengakuan de facto.

Berdirilah republik Chechnya Ichikeria di bawah Dzokhar Dudayev sebagai presidennya. Pada masa awal berdirinya negara ini, instabilitas masih cukup menghantui perjalanan negara yang masih seumur jagung ini.

Kas negara kosong, sedangkan pengeluaran cukup banyak. Angka kriminal melonjak tajam sehingga mengakibatkan ketidakamanan  di dalam negeri.

Ketidakmampuan mengendalikan para militan mengakibatkan mereka mampu menerobos wilayah Rusia dan menyebabkan masalah baru.

Terlebih, pada masa itu, sering terjadi kegiatan terorisme yang disinyalir dilakukan oleh militan Chechnya di wilayah Rusia.

Bentrokan itu pun dijadikan dalih oleh Rusia untuk memulai perang baru. Pada perang sebelumnya, Rusia terpaksa menerima kekalahan dalam penyerbuan ke Grozny.

Pada saat itu, negara Rusia baru saja berdiri dari Uni Soviet yang telah bubar. Boris Yeltsin, pemimpin Rusia saat itu, masih belum mampu memulihkan kekacauan yang terjadi.

Transisi kekuasaan dari Uni Soviet tidak mampu memadamkan perlawanan dari separatis Chechnya.

Maka, dimulailah perang kemerdekaan Chechnya kedua yang cukup sengit.

Boris Yeltsin kemudian menunjuk Vladimir Putin sebagai presiden yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai perdana menteri.

Putin awalnya adalah agen intelijen KGB yang ditugaskan di Jerman. Naiknya Vladimir Putin ke tampuk kekuasaan menjadikan isu Chechnya sebagai prioritas bagi pemerintahannya.

Saat itu, konflik di Chechnya telah memasuki fase yang lebih intens. Serangan terhadap wilayah Dagestan membuat Moskow kebakaran jenggot.

Apalagi dengan adanya pengeboman di Moskow, hal itu mengakibatkan jatuhnya banyak korban jiwa.

Putin bertindak tegas atas hal tersebut dengan mengirimkan pasukan ke Chechnya. Serbuan bala tentara Putin membuat ibu kota Grozny luluh lantak.

Dalam upaya memadamkan perlawanan di wilayah tersebut, Putin menggandeng mufti Chechnya, Ahmad Kadyrov.

Strategi ini pun cukup berhasil karena mampu membuat pemberontakan meredup. Pemberontak kemudian terpecah antara kaum jihadis dan nasionalis.

Tegas

Perang Chechnya memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap perjalanan politik dan karir Vladimir Putin.

Perang Chechnya merupakan konflik bersenjata antara Rusia dan Republik Chechnya yang merdeka secara de facto pada tahun 1991.

Konflik ini terdiri dari dua fase utama: Perang Chechnya Pertama (1994-1996) dan Perang Chechnya Kedua (1999-2009).

Putin menggunakan pendekatan yang keras terhadap konflik dan mampu meredakan pemberontakan di wilayah tersebut.

Pendekatan keras Putin termasuk operasi militer yang intensif, penggunaan pasukan reguler, serangan udara, dan operasi-operasi keamanan yang tegas untuk melawan gerakan separatis dan militan di Chechnya.

Operasi-operasi ini sering kali dilakukan dengan metode yang kontroversial dan menuai kritik dari sejumlah pihak, termasuk kelompok hak asasi manusia dan masyarakat internasional. Sebab, peristiwa ini memakan korban penduduk sipil.

Di samping pendekatan militer, Putin mencoba mengatasi konflik dengan berbagai upaya pembangunan dan restrukturisasi di Chechnya setelah konflik utama berakhir pada tahun 2000.

Namun, pendekatan keras terhadap konflik inilah yang sering kali menonjol dalam persepsi publik tentang bagaimana Putin menangani situasi tersebut.

Respons tegasnya terhadap konflik ini sebagian besar disambut baik oleh masyarakat Rusia yang menginginkan stabilitas dan penindakan terhadap ancaman terorisme.

Setelah mengambil alih jabatan presiden dan menggantikan Yeltsin tahun 2000, Putin terus mempertahankan pendekatan keras terhadap konflik di Chechnya.

Konflik ini membantu mengukuhkan posisinya sebagai pemimpin yang tegas dan kuat di mata banyak orang di Rusia.

Pengalaman Putin dalam menangani konflik ini juga membentuk citra kepemimpinannya yang keras dan tangguh.

Beberapa tahun berikutnya, Putin terus mengonsolidasikan kekuasaannya dan memainkan peran utama dalam politik Rusia.

Secara umum, banyak orang di Rusia menganggap Putin sebagai tokoh kuat dan tegas yang berhasil mengatasi ancaman teroris dan memulihkan stabilitas di negara tersebut.

Inilah yang pada akhirnya membantu meningkatkan popularitasnya. Popularitas inilah yang membuat Putin terus berkuasa hingga sekarang di Rusia.

Langgengnya kekuasaan Putin ini dapat dilihat dengan adanya dukungan rakyat yang cukup kuat terhadap perang di Ukraina pada tahun 2022.

Roby Rakhmadi

Dosen Universitas Lampung

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